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- [Instructor] One of the most important

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responsibilities of information security

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professionals is protecting
the intellectual property

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belonging to their organizations from

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unauthorized use or disclosure.

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There are a series of legal mechanisms

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available to protect
intellectual property.

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These include copyrights,
trademarks, patents,

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and trade secrets.

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Each type of intellectual
property protection covers

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different types of
information in different ways.

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Copyrights protect creative
works against theft.

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Information protected
by copyright includes

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books, web content, magazines,

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and other written works
as well as art, music,

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and even computer software.

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Copyright protection is
automatically granted

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to the creator of a work upon creation.

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Although copyright owners
may choose to register

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their copyright with
government authorities,

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this is not a legal requirement.

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In the United States, the
Library of Congress administers

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the copyright program
through the United States

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Copyright Office.

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The length of copyright
protection varies widely

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according to the country of registration,

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the type of work, and
whether the author is

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an individual or a corporation.

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In all cases, it is a very long time.

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For example, if you as
an individual create

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a new work today, the copyright protection

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for that work will last for 70 years

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beyond your death.

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Once a copyright expires, work moves into

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the public domain and may
be used freely by anyone

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without requiring licensing or permission.

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Copyrights are denoted using
the circle C symbol shown here.

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Trademarks are used to protect the words

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and symbols used to identify
products and services.

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Information protected
by trademark includes

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brand names, logos, and slogans.

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The owners of trademarks
must register their marks

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with the government to
achieve full protection.

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In the United States, this is handled

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through the United States
Patent and Trademark Office,

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a division of the Market of Commerce.

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Trademarks may last indefinitely,

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but the registration must
be renewed every 10 years.

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Trademarks are only
valid as long as they are

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actively being used.

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If an organization stops
using a trademark in commerce,

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they are said to have
abandoned the trademark

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after five years of non use.

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Trademarks are denoted
using the superscript

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TM symbol shown here.

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Once they are granted registration status

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by the government, trademarks
may be denoted using

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the circle R symbol for
registered trademarks.

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Patents protect inventions,
providing the inventor

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with exclusive use of their
invention for a period of time.

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The purpose of patents
is to stimulate invention

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by ensuring inventors that
others will not simply copy

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their ideas in the market place.

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In order to be granted a patent,

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an inventor must demonstrate that his

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or her idea meets three criteria.

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First, the invention must be novel,

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meaning that it is a
new idea that nobody has

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thought of in the past.

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Second, the invention must be useful,

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meaning that it provides
some benefit to someone

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and that it is actually
possible to use the invention.

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And finally, the invention
must be nonobvious,

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meaning that there is some
inventive work involved.

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Once granted, a patent
generally lasts for 20 years

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beyond the patent filing date.

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But this may be extended if there are

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governmental delays in issuing the patent.

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One of the major drawbacks
to patents is that

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they require public
disclosure of the invention

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in the patent application.

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The inventor must clearly
describe to the world

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what his or her invention
is and how it works.

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When the patent expires, anyone is free

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to use the invention.

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In cases where an inventor does not want

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to make an invention public,
the organization may choose

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to pursue trade secret protection.

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With a trade secret, the
owner simply doesn't tell

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anyone about the invention
and keeps the details secret.

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As long as the organization
is able to protect the secret,

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it enjoys the exclusive
use of the invention.

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The downside to this approach is that

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if someone else does discover
how an invention works,

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they are free to use it without
any legal repercussions.