Title: ICND2 / 3. IP Services

Q: What does HSRP stand for?
A: Hot Standby Router Protocol

Q: What does VRRP stand for?
A: Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol

Q: What does GLBP stand for?
A: Gateway Load Balancing Protocol

Q: What could you use with a FHRP (first hop redundancy protocol) in case a link goes down behind one of the routers in order to tell the gateway to failover?
A: Interface Tracking

Q: What is supposed happen if the interface that you're tracking with interface tracking goes down?
A: The router whose interface went down gets its priority decreased by x-amount.  When the next FHRP hello packet comes, it will be discovered that the primary router's priority has decreased below the standby router's and the backup router will become the primary.

Q: HSRP (Hot Standby Router Protocol) has a hello time of ___ seconds and a hold time of ___ seconds
A: 3,10

Q: VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol) has a hello time of ___ seconds and a hold time of ___ seconds.
A: 1,3

Q: GLBP (Gateway Load Balancing Protocol) has a hello time of ___ seconds and a hold time of ___ seconds.
GLBP is identical to HSRP, but allows active-active load balancing.
A: 3,10

Q: Which FHRP protocol allows load balancing?
A: GLBP (Gateway Load Balancing Protocol)

Q: Which FHRP lets you assign the virtual IP address as one of the router's actually IP addresses?
A: VRRP (Virtual Router Redundancy Protocol)

Q: With HSRP, Gateways are organized into __________________.
A: Standby groups

Q: In regards to HSRP, one router is active and one is in standby state.  What designates which router is active?
A: The router with the highest priority number is the active router.

Q: How does HSRP handle ARP requests for the phantom(virtual) IP address?
A: It generates a virtual MAC address to go along with the virtual IP address and hands that out when an ARP request comes in.

Q: Which FHRP assigns one of the gateways with an Active Virtual Gateway (AVG) role?
A: GLBP (Gateway Load Balancing Protocol)

Q: In GLBP, what is the role of the Active Virtual Gateway?
A: The AVG serves as the manager router.  The role of the AVG is to simply respond to ARP requests. All the other routers act as Active Virtual Forwarders (AVFs).

Q: When using GLBP, which device/role hands out virtual MAC addresses corresponding to the Active Virtual Forwarders?
A: The Active Virtual Gateway.

Q: With GLBP, can you control the frequency in which certain MAC addresses get handed out?
A: Yes.

Q: In regards to HSRP, which command would you use to see if your state is Active or Passive?
A: R1#show standby

Q: With HSRP, what command lets you see your Virtual IP address?
A: R1#show standby
FastEthernet0/1 - Group 1
  State is Active
    11 state changes, last state change 00:25:44
  Virtual IP address is 192.168.1.10
  Active virtual MAC address is 0000.0c07.ac01
    Local virtual MAC address is 0000.0c07.ac01 (v1 default)
  Hello time 3 sec, hold time 10 sec
    Next hello sent in 1.488 secs
  Preemption enabled
  Active router is local
  Standby router is 192.168.1.2, priority 99 (expires in 10.336 sec)
  Priority 100 (default 100)
  Group name is "hsrp-Fa0/1-1" (default)
R1#show standby brief
                     P indicates configured to preempt.
                     |
Interface   Grp  Pri P State   Active          Standby         Virtual IP
Fa0/1       1    100 P Active  local           192.168.1.2     192.168.1.10

Q: In HSRP, what is the default priority?
A: 100

Q: In HSRP, who becomes the active router when both have the same priority?
A: Whoever has the larger IP address becomes the active router.

Q: When using HSRP, if you have a dead timer of 10 seconds and shut down the Active router, when will the Passive router pick up the Active role?
A: Immediately. Even though there is a dead timer of 10 seconds, when interface is shut down manually, the Active router relays this information to the Passive router and it picks up the Active role.

Q: What is HSRP's Preemtion feature.
A: If Router1's link goes down and HSRP on Router2 picks up and becomes the Active Gateway, once Router1 comes back up, Preemption will cause Router1 to pick up the Active Role again instead of it staying on Router2

Q: By default, is HSRP's preemption enabled or disabled?
A: Disabled by default.

Q: How do you set HSRPs priority?
A: R1(config-if)#standby 1 priority 115
R1(config-if)#standby 1 preempt (if you want to overthrow a lower priority)
R1(config-if)#do show standby (to verify)

Q: How would you enable preemption with HSRP?
A: R1(config-if)#standby 1 preemt

Q: With HSRP (Hot Standby Routing Protocol), how would you check you Hello Timer and Preemption status?
A: R1#show standby

Q: With HSRP, how would you set your hello timer?
A: Router1(config-if)#standby 1 timer <hello> <hold>
Router1(config-if)#standby 1 timer msec <hello> <hold> (milliseconds)

Q: How would you protect other routers from joining your HSRP group?
A: R1(config)#standby 1 authentication <password> (plaintext)
R1(config)#standby 1 authentication md5 key-string <password> (hash)

Q: When using VRRP, what determines who becomes the Active router forwarding traffic?
A: Whoever has the Virtual IP address as your actual IP address becomes the master.

Q: When using VRRP, how do you create a group and assign and IP to an interface?
A: R1(config-if)#vrrp 1 ip 10.1.1.1

Q: When using VRRP, is preempt enabled by default?
A: Yes.

Q: When using VRRP, how can you check which router is the master router?
A: R1#show vrrp

Q: When using VRRP and tracking, how many objects can you track?
A: 1-500

Q: When using VRRP, how would you create a track object?
A: [TRACK #] [INTERFACE] [THING TO TRACK]
Create the object:
R1(config)#track 1 interface fastEthernet 0/1 line-protocol
Attach it to the interface:
R1(config-if)#vrrp 1 track 1 Decrement <pri#>
Be careful, you can't lower the priority on the master interface.

Q: When using GLBP, how would you check the load balancing method?
A: R1#show glbp

Q: When using GLBP, how would you check the MAC addresses of the group members' IP and MAC addresses?
A: R2#show glbp

Q: When using GLBP, how is the AVG (Active Virtual Gateway) determined?
A: The AVG is determined by the priority. In GLBP, the AVG's job is to respond to ARP requests.

Q: How would you wipe the arp table for addresses learned by a particular interface?
A: You can shut/no shut the interface to clear the arp table.

Q: How do you turn on debugging for GLBP?
A: ROUTER1#debug glbp terse

Q: How would you see which link(s) you're tracking with GLBP.
A: ROUTER1#show track

Q: What does RTR stand for in relation to GLBP (Gateway Load Balancing Protocol?)
A: Response Time Reporter

Q: When using GLBP, if one router's RTR goes to 0 or if the router goes down, how can you see who picked up that router's workload?
A: R2#show glbp
<Check Forwarder 1, Forwarder 2, Forwarder 3, etc >

Q: Using Cisco IOS, how can you ping a target more than the default 5 times?
A: ROUTER1#ping repeat 10000

Q: What command produced the following output?:
A: Router1#show standby brief

Q: What command produced this output?:
Interface   Grp  Fwd Pri State    Address         Active router   Standby router
Fa0/1       1    -   99  Standby  192.168.1.1     192.168.1.2     local
Fa0/1       1    1   -   Active   0007.b400.0101  local           -
Fa0/1       1    2   -   Listen   0007.b400.0102  192.168.1.2     -
A: R1#show glbp brief

Q: What command produced the following output?:
                     P indicates configured to preempt.
                     |
Interface   Grp  Pri P State   Active          Standby         Virtual IP
Fa0/1       1    102 P Active  local           192.168.1.2     192.168.1.1
A: R1#show standby brief

Q: In regards to HSRP, what commands could you use to see who is the standby router and who is the active router?
A: R1#show standby
FastEthernet0/1 - Group 1
  State is Active
    7 state changes, last state change 00:02:23
  Virtual IP address is 192.168.1.10
  Active virtual MAC address is 0000.0c07.ac01
    Local virtual MAC address is 0000.0c07.ac01 (v1 default)
  Hello time 3 sec, hold time 10 sec
    Next hello sent in 2.480 secs
  Preemption enabled
  Active router is local
  Standby router is 192.168.1.2, priority 99 (expires in 9.584 sec)
  Priority 100 (default 100)
  Group name is "hsrp-Fa0/1-1" (default)
R1#show standby brief
                     P indicates configured to preempt.
                     |
Interface   Grp  Pri P State   Active          Standby         Virtual IP
Fa0/1       1    100 P Active  local           192.168.1.2     192.168.1.10

Q: What command produced the following output?:
FastEthernet0/1 - Group 1
  State is Active
    5 state changes, last state change 00:05:29
  Virtual IP address is 192.168.1.1
  Active virtual MAC address is 0000.0c07.ac01
    Local virtual MAC address is 0000.0c07.ac01 (v1 default)
  Hello time 100 msec, hold time 3 sec
    Next hello sent in 0.064 secs
  Authentication MD5, key-string
  Preemption enabled
  Active router is local
  Standby router is 192.168.1.2, priority 101 (expires in 2.960 sec)
  Priority 102 (configured 102)
  Group name is "hsrp-Fa0/1-1" (default)
A: ROUTER1#show standby

Q: What command would you use to see information on all standby groups?
A: ROUTER1#show standby all

Q: How would you turn on debugging for VRRP events?
A: ROUTER1#debug vrrp events

Q: What command produced the following output?:
FastEthernet0/1 - Group 1
  State is Master
  Virtual IP address is 192.168.1.1
  Virtual MAC address is 0000.5e00.0101
  Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
  Preemption enabled
  Priority is 255
  Authentication MD5, key-string
  Master Router is 192.168.1.1 (local), priority is 255
  Master Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
  Master Down interval is 3.003 sec
A: ROUTER1#show vrrp
**Note, you can tell by the usage of the word "Master Router..."

Q: What command produced the following output?:
Interface          Grp Pri Time  Own Pre State   Master addr     Group addr
Fa0/1              1   255 3003   Y   Y  Master  192.168.1.1     192.168.1.1
A: R1#show vrrp brief

Q: What command produced the following output?:
FastEthernet0/1 - Group 1
  State is Master
  Virtual IP address is 192.168.1.1
  Virtual MAC address is 0000.5e00.0101
  Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
  Preemption enabled
  Priority is 90
  Authentication MD5, key-string
  Master Router is 192.168.1.3 (local), priority is 90
  Master Advertisement interval is 1.000 sec
  Master Down interval is 3.648 sec
A: ROUTER1#show vrrp

Q: What command produced the following output?:
FastEthernet0/1 - Group 1
  State is Active
    1 state change, last state change 00:01:07
  Virtual IP address is 192.168.1.1
  Hello time 3 sec, hold time 10 sec
    Next hello sent in 0.416 secs
  Redirect time 600 sec, forwarder timeout 14400 sec
  Preemption disabled
  Active is local
  Standby is 192.168.1.2, priority 100 (expires in 9.664 sec)
  Priority 100 (default)
  Weighting 100 (default 100), thresholds: lower 1, upper 100
  Load balancing: round-robin <----------------------------------------
  Group members:
    0016.c8ee.ff6f (192.168.1.2)
    001f.9ec9.99ff (192.168.1.3) local
  There are 2 forwarders (1 active)
  Forwarder 1
    State is Active
      1 state change, last state change 00:00:55
    MAC address is 0007.b400.0101 (default)
    Owner ID is 001f.9ec9.99ff
    Redirection enabled
    Preemption enabled, min delay 30 sec
    Active is local, weighting 100
  Forwarder 2
    State is Listen
    MAC address is 0007.b400.0102 (learnt)
    Owner ID is 0016.c8ee.ff6f
    Redirection enabled, 599.680 sec remaining (maximum 600 sec)
    Time to live: 14399.680 sec (maximum 14400 sec)
    Preemption enabled, min delay 30 sec
    Active is 192.168.1.2 (primary), weighting 100 (expires in 10.656 sec)
A: ROUTER1#show glbp
**You can tell by the "load balance" stats

Q: What command produced the following output?:
Interface   Grp  Fwd Pri State    Address         Active router   Standby router
Fa0/1       1    -   255 Active   192.168.1.1     local           192.168.1.3
Fa0/1       1    1   -   Listen   0007.b400.0101  192.168.1.3     -
Fa0/1       1    2   -   Active   0007.b400.0102  local           -
A: ROUTER1#show glbp brief

Q: You are using HSRP and have four routers configured in one group.  One router is active and one router is in standby. What is the state of the other two routers?
A: Listen.
R3(config-if)#do show standby brief
                     P indicates configured to preempt.
                     |
Interface   Grp  Pri P State   Active          Standby         Virtual IP
Fa0/1       1    98  P Listen  192.168.1.1     192.168.1.2     192.168.1.10
R4(config-if)#do show standby brief
                     P indicates configured to preempt.
                     |
Interface   Grp  Pri P State   Active          Standby         Virtual IP
Fa0/1       1    97  P Listen  192.168.1.1     192.168.1.2     192.168.1.10

Q: What is the "main router" called in GLBP?
A: Active Virtual Gateway (AVG)

Q: Fill in the blanks:
R4(config-if)#do show [______] brief
Interface   Grp  Fwd Pri State    Address         Active router   Standby router
Fa0/0       1    -   140 Active   192.168.1.21    local           unknown
Fa0/0       1    1   -   Listen   0007.b400.0101  192.168.1.17    -
Fa0/0       1    2   -   Listen   0007.b400.0102  192.168.1.18    -
Fa0/0       1    3   -   Listen   0007.b400.0103  unknown         -
R4(config-if)#do show [______] brief
Interface          Grp Pri Time  Own Pre State   Master addr     Group addr
Fa0/0              1   100 3609       Y  Backup  192.168.1.17    192.168.1.17
R4(config-if)#do show [______] brief
                     P indicates configured to preempt.
                     |
Interface   Grp  Pri P State   Active          Standby         Virtual IP
Fa0/0       1    100   Active  local           192.168.1.18    192.168.1.22
A: glbp,
vrrp,
standby

Q: Cisco Prime is a classic example of what?
A: SNMP Manager

Q: The messages that poll information from the SNMP agent software are termed ___ messages, and the messages that write variables are termed ___ messages.
A: GET,
SET

Q: What is an NMS?
A: The Network Management Station is the device that runs network management software to manage network devices. SNMP is often the network management protocol used between the NMS and the managed device.

Q: (SNMP)What is a trap?
A: Traps are SNMP messages that are sent from the network device that also list the state of a MIB variable; but because the device decides to send the information without being asked, the NMS can react differently.

Q: In addition to consistently polling an SNMP managed device for its MIB variable information, using the GET SNMP command, the device itself can independently notify the NMS when a problem occurs using SNMP _____.
A: traps

Q: (SNMP)What is an OID?
A: The object identifier is used to uniquely describe a MIB variable in the SNMP database. This is a numeric string that identifies the variable uniquely and also describes where the variable exists in the MIB tree structure.

Q: What are community strings?
A: Basically just clear text passwords.

Q: How does classic NetFlow distinguish flows? What key fields does it use?
A: 1. Source IP
2. Dest IP
3. Source Port
4. Dest Port
5. L3 Protocol
6. Type of Service marking
7. Input logical interface

Q: How would you configure the capture of data flows on a router?
A: R1(config-if)#ip flow ingress||egress
R1(config)#ip flow-export <dest.ip.addr> <destport#>
R1(config)#ip flow-export version 9
R1(config)#ip flow-export source loopback 0